Photo by: Ryan McFarland

U.S. Treasuries surged in popularity during the recent crisis.  In fact at one point people were so anxious to buy up treasuries that the short-term yield dropped to 0%.  At this point Warren Buffet emailed his directors:

This should be bullish for Berkshire. With great foresight, I long ago entered the mattress business in a big way through our furniture operation. Now mattresses have become fully competitive as a place to put your money, and sales will soon take off.^[1] 

People were anxious to find a safe place to put their money, which is one of the strong suits of U.S. Treasuries. 

Treasuries have a very different risk profile than many other investments.  There is a very low risk of default compared to other types of bonds, but you are exposed to risks like inflation.  ETFs can provide a way to introduce this risk profile into our portfolios more easily than actually buying the bonds.  There are several ETFs which allow you to do this and many concepts that can be pivotal to understand before doing so.  

Understanding Yields and Prices

Bond prices and yields can be a bit opaque to those without experience; however they are a fairly simple concept.  When a bond is issued, it pays a certain amount and has a certain cost.  Say for example I buy a $10,000 bond that will pay me $300 per year.  Thus it yields 3%.  Now many would think that since the bond will repay my $10,000 at the end of its life, it would be a risk-free investment.  However suppose that interest rates go down at that 3% becomes more attractive, people will be willing to pay more for that same bond.  As the price goes up, the $300 per year becomes a smaller fraction and the yield of the bond goes down.  Meanwhile if interest rates go up, my bond becomes less attractive and the price will go down.  

This is very important when considering inflation.  Generally if inflation is high, you will see higher interest rates.  As such in an inflationary environment, bond yields tend to increase, meaning the price of any bonds you own may very well go down.  This means that the term of the bond becomes very important.  While over a short period of time, inflation may be predictable; over long periods any number of things can happen to affect interest rates.  Obviously because of this, longer dated bonds tend to pay higher yields.  

Treasury ETFs

There are many treasury ETFs and will likely be many more in the future.  Some of the more popular ones include:

TLT – Long Term Treasuries

This fund “seeks to approximate the total rate of return of the long-term sector of the United States Treasury market as defined by the Barclays Capital US 20+ Year Treasury Bond Index.”^[2] Thus if you want to buy long-term treasuries, this could be a good fund for you.  When buying a fund like this it is important to consider how inflation may affect yields over a long period of time.  These bond funds are committing money for long periods of time, so if we have inflation or high interest rates, these funds can lose considerable value.  Also, because of their long period they can be much more volatile than shorter dated bonds.

Currently the market has been reflecting fears about inflation as TLT prices have been dropping and yields improving.  This suggests that the market thinks inflation is a serious concern at that these bonds need to be lower priced to be competitive.  This may be a result of increased optimism about an impending recovery in the US.  

SHY – Short Term Treasuries

This fund “seeks to approximate the total rate of return that correspond generally to the price and yield performance, before fees and expenses, of the short-term sector of the United States Treasury market as defined by the Barclays Capital 1-3 Year US Treasury Index.”^[3] Because of its short term, this ETF is not very volatile at all.  For example, during the 52 weeks from the time of this writing its range has been 82.07 – 85.17.^[4]  One would not expect to see a tremendous price change in such short term notes, which can be either a good thing or a bad thing depending on your objectives. 

IEF – Intermediate Term Treasuries

This fund “seeks to approximate the total rate of return of the intermediate-term sector of the United States Treasury market as defined by the Barclays Capital 7-10 Year US Treasury Index.”^[5] Thus this fund runs the middle ground between the other two.  It tends to be more volatile than the SHY, but less than the TLT. 

TIP – Treasury Inflation Protected Securities

Another popular type of treasury is Treasury Inflation Protected Securities.  These bonds have their principal adjusted annually to reflect changes in the Consumer Price Index.  The TIP “seeks results that correspond generally to the price and yield performance, before fees and expenses, of the inflation-protected sector of the United States Treasury market as defined by the Barclays Capital U.S. Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (TIPS) Index (Series-L).”^[6] This provides an interesting middle ground where your investment is not as exposed to the risk of inflation.  At the same time these bonds have a differing tax-treatment and are likely to pay lower base yield. 

Other ETFs

In addition to other ETFs that seek to emulate the exact same returns, there are also leveraged ETFs which seeks to return some multiple of the movement of these funds.  One example would be TBT which seeks to return double the inverse of the TLT.  Thus if the TLT goes up 10% in a day the TBT would go down 20%.  There are a wide variety of ways to invest in treasuries.  These funds can provide additional options to your investment playbook, but should be thoroughly researched before used.  

[Disclosure:  I am currently long TLT with offsetting call options sold to hedge my position]

Post from: Personal Finance And Investing

Treasury ETFs

1. Forbes – Buffet Bets On Mattresses
2. iShares TLT Product Information
3. iShares SHY Product Information
4. Yahoo! Finance – Shy
5. iShares IEF Product Information
6. iShares TIP Product Information

Photo by: Nicholas_T

While I generally advocate against investing in individual stocks for amateur investors, I make some exceptions for ETFs.  Exchange Traded Funds are funds that trade on the stock market like a regular stock, but represent underlying assets like a mutual fund.  These ETFs give you an opportunity to hedge your stock market positions and provide some balance to your portfolio fairly easily.  While I would still recommend a lot of research before buying any of these, each of these ETFs gives you some ability to round out your positions.

GLD: Gold

I’ve been known to make fun of “Gold Bugs” now and again in my days, but you have to admit that with the specter of inflation looming over all of the spending and stimulus, gold becomes a bit more appealing.  The mechanism for this ETF is supposed to be fairly straightforward, and it’s done a good job of duplicating the returns of gold recently.  Because most of the currencies out there are from governments who are in straits just as dire as the USA, it can be appealing to find a “currency” that no government has control over.

TIP:  Inflation Protected Treasuries

Inflation Protected Treasuries are another straightforward inflation hedge.  They are not subject to the same wild fluctuations as gold and can be more appealing for that reason.  At the same time, they are dependent on the government’s calculation of consumer price index (CPI), which may not always reflect real world inflation.  Unfortunately, added inflation-based principle will be taxed immediately, which is a consideration.

TLT: Long-Term Treasuries

Treasuries provide an alternative to stocks, but are not positively correlated with inflation like TIPs or gold.  They are, however, correlated with fear in the market, which has been a pervasive force.  When people aren’t sure what to do with their money many of them flee to treasuries, which has driven up the price recently.

USO: Oil

Oil provides an interesting mix of factors to help provide alternative forces in a portfolio.  The price is very volatile, which can be a considerable concern.  It should move with inflation to some degree and unlike gold actually has some utility.  It could be a good way to participate in any recovery without being entirely exposed to economic downturns.  While oil prices will diminish with the economy, that reduction will bring about reduced production; this will eventually help move the price up.  I would be particularly wary with this fund, however, as we could easily see plunging oil prices in the short term.

DBA: Agriculture

In the same vein as oil, tracking food prices can be a good way to participate in recovery while still participating in a fund that people will use even in a recession.  Much like oil consumption, people will still eat–regardless of how bad things get.  It’s also been seriously beaten up recently, much like oil.

I am not advocating any of these funds in particular, but they are all ways for you to add more dimensions to your portfolio.  This kind of diversity was sorely lacking in a lot of people’s 401(k) accounts when the crash hit last year.  While stocks were plummeting, several of these funds are at recent highs.  Never make any moves without serious research, but these stocks may help you have a more balanced portfolio.

Post from: Personal Finance And Investing

5 ETFs That Can Help Balance Your Portfolio

Photo by: grahammclellan

The economy is always fraught with peril.  Your savings and investments are always subject to risk, and it’s your job to protect them.  Unfortunately, if it were easy to identify the risks out there, we’d do a better job of avoiding them.  One problem that seems to loom in the future of every investment decision is monetary policy.

Depreciation

The current crisis is one of deflation.  People have less money and feel less secure, so they spend less money.  This means that companies have to charge lower prices and make less money, which leads to layoffs, which leads to people having less money and feeling less secure. ^[1] This cycle is very much like the reverse of the bubbles that we’ve seen in various markets.  The bust is the logical opposite of the boom.

The key difference between the boom and the bust is that the government feels compelled to step in and try to ameliorate the effects of the bust.  They may give lip-service to trying to prevent bubbles, but ultimately their jobs depend on appearing to help “solve” a suffering economy.  Whether or not they can be effective is really beside the point, they have to be seen as “trying.”

The Consequences

The natural upshot of all of this is what is referred to as counter-cyclical policy.  When the private sector is not spending, the government steps up to fill the gap.  Hopefully, the things the government spends its money on providing long term benefits, as well as the short term benefit of creating jobs and demand.  While it may seem like any kind of spending will help break the vicious cycle of depreciation, hopefully you can also reap lasting benefits out of it.  A good example is updating infrastructure like highways or utility grids.  Whether this is the best application is debatable, but ultimately the idea of counter-cyclical spending is a fairly well accepted one.

What this ultimately means however is that in the long term the real threat to your wealth is not the deflation cycle.  In fact the deflation cycle is actually making your savings worth more, while devaluing your assets like your house.  What you ultimately have to fear is the eroding power of inflation. While the government has always sought to keep inflation in check, there are several reasons to think its toolbox will be empty when the time comes.

Inflationary Policy

Anyone who has been paying close attention to government policy recently has seen monetary figures unlike any in recent memory.  The TARP is 700 billion, but represents only a fraction of the money that has already been spent to inject stability and liquidity into the system.  This is before all the counter-cyclical spending that the new administration is planning.  Regardless of the efficacy of these plans, there seems very little to prevent them from happening.  In fact the incoming President has told us to brace for TRILLION dollar deficits for some time to come.^[2]

While the government can posture about how it will cut spending or find other sources for this money, ultimately it will be borrowing it.  It will create a huge debt and will have to escape from it.  The natural escape is through inflationary policy.  By “printing” more money (printing isn’t really necessary anymore, but it’s the same effect), the government will reduce the value of that debt.  This will make it easier to manage, but ultimately will punish those with cash in the bank.

How To Protect Your Cash

TIPS are a very attractive means to protect any savings you currently have.  TIPS, or Treasury Inflation Protected Securities, are like normal Treasury Bonds, but your principal is adjusted for the Consumer Price Index (a measure of inflation).  Obviously you will receive a lower interest rate than you would with normal Treasuries; but if you believe the inflation will exceed that difference, then they are a better deal.  Currently, because of deflationary pressures, this differential is not as great as current spending should suggest.

With the current deflationary effects, and no crystal ball to know where it ends, actually purchasing TIPS can provide you a very safe location for your money.  Not only will they be protected from inflationary pressures, they are guaranteed to retain their value.^[3] Even if inflation is negative, you will do no worse than your original investment, which means you still will have effectively made money.

For those who are feeling very risk averse and who are concerned about inflation as a result of the current levels of government spending, TIPS provide a safe place to make sure your money is safe.  While they aren’t going to provide fantastic net returns, they are at least going to keep up with inflation, which may not be such a bad deal.

Post from: Personal Finance And Investing

What We Should Fear Volume One: Inflation

1. NPR – The Economic Battle: Deflation Vs. Inflation
2. Washington Post – Obama Predicts Years of Deficits Over $1 Trillion
3. Treasury Direct – Treasury Inflation Protected Securities