As a general rule I think options are a terrible idea for the casual investor.  For those who are simply trying to match the markets without spending a tremendous time watching their investments, options represent a significant danger.  Even for those who have experience with options, understanding all the implications of buying or selling an option can be confusing.  Covered calls however, may have a useful place in the typical investor’s portfolio.

Option Terminology

Options are defined by several values.  For the purposes of discussing options here we will assume we’re talking about an options contract on a stock, which is not always the case.  First of all, be aware that an options contract is for 100 shares of the stock.  Thus you don’t deal in tremendously small lots when dealing with options.

Each option is either a call or a put.  A call option is an option to buy a stock at a particular price on or before a particular date.  A put option is an option to sell a stock at a particular price on or before a particular date.  In both cases the date by which the decision must be made is the expiration date and the price at which you have the option to buy or sell is called the strike price.  These options also have a price which is listed in terms of a price per share.  So for example if you see a price quoted as $0.25, that means twenty-five cents per share, or $25 for the full contract, since contracts are for 100 shares.

If all of this sounds confusing let’s look at an example:

Supposing we have a stock X which is currently trading at $35 per share and it is currently January 1^st.  Now suppose I buy 10 call contracts on this stock with a strike price of $37.50 and an expiration date of February 23^rd (Note that expiration dates are the third Friday of a month).  Let’s suppose I pay a price $1 per share for each of these options ($100 total for each and $1,000 total since I’m buying 10 contracts) and look at what happens depending on how stock X’s price changes in that time.

If stock X does not exceed $37.50 before February 23^rd my options will expire as worthless and I will lose 100 percent of my investment, assuming I do not sell the contracts before then.  If on February 23^rd the price of the stock is higher than $37.50, I will be able to buy the stock at a discount, which will hopefully exceed my $1,000 investment.  So for example if the stock is at $42.00 I will make $4.50 per share on the 100 shares per contract for 10 contracts, thus making $4,500 less my initial $1,000 investment.  This means I made $3,500 on a $1,000 investment.  As you can see, options have a high risk and high reward.

In general, people often close their position before the expiration date, which of course affects the economics as well.  If I have a call option, for example, with some time left before the expiration date and the option is already “in the money” (meaning the share price is higher than the strike price for a call), then I will probably be able to sell it at a premium to the difference in the prices, because of the potential to make more money before the expiration date.

Covered Calls

So now let’s suppose instead that I want to sell a call on stock X.  I can do this without owning one; I simply have to buy it back before the expiration date.  This is very similar to shorting a stock.  Let’s look at the economics of this.  If I sell a $37.50 call for $1 per share then I make $100 per contract.   As long as the stock doesn’t go above $37.50 before the expiration date, I will get to pocket that $100 per contract.  However if the stock goes skyrocketing I will have to pay the difference between the price and my $37.50 strike price.  As you can see, this is very risky.  However, I can make this a much safer bet if I already own the stock.

Suppose I have 1,000 shares of stock X and I do not expect the price to rise significantly.  I might go ahead and sell a call with a strike price a bit above the current price.  Thus if the stock price doesn’t move above that strike price I will pocket a little money.  If the stock price does move I will still make money because of the difference between the current price and the strike price and the premium I was paid when I sold the contract (the contract’s price).

Thus if the stock goes down, I’m better off than I would have been without the call because I get the money for selling the contract.  If the stock stays flat I’m better off for the same reason.  The only time I lose is if the price goes enough above the strike price to exceed the value I was paid for the contract.  Thus I’m limiting my downside, but I’m also limiting my upside.  If stock X doubles, I’m only going to get my strike price for it, which could be thoroughly discouraging.

Why Sell Covered Calls?

There are many reasons you might not be bullish about a stock price in the short term, but not ready to sell the stock.  Tax considerations could be one example.  Another might be that the stock pays a dividend, but you’d like to limit your exposure to the stock going down in the meantime.  In fact, combining covered calls with dividend stocks can be a good way to increase your yield and limit your risk.  You might also simply want to limit your risk when entering a position by reducing your downside and upside at the same time.

Obviously there is much more to understanding the risks and benefits of covered calls, however they represent one of the few options strategies that might make sense for a casual investor.  Be sure that you thoroughly understand them before considering them however.  The vast number of variables and outcomes can confuse even the most seasoned investor.

Post from: Personal Finance And Investing

Selling Covered Calls

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The typical American is leveraged.  They have borrowed money to buy things.  This is not necessarily bad in and of itself, but if you start to think of your household as a business, you may stop and question whether the leverage you’ve taken on makes sense.

What is Leverage?

Leverage is the use of debt to magnify the outcome of an investment.  Say, for example, you are a company, and you trade widgets.  On each shipment you can buy widgets in one location for $10 and sell them in another for $12.  If you only had $100, you could only do this in shipments of 10 widgets and make $20 per shipment.  However if you could go and borrow $10,000, you could buy shipments of 1000 widgets and make $2000 per shipment.  Even after you paid back the party that loaned you the money, along with any interest, you would have made considerably more money per shipment.

Appreciating Assets

One of the most compelling reasons for an individual to leverage themselves is to buy an appreciating asset.  An appreciating asset is one that gains value over time.  The most common form of this in recent history has been real estate.  Leverage, in the form of a mortgage, is very common for an individual buying a house.

Even though the individual is paying interest on the money he’s borrowing, the house will (hopefully) appreciate in value at a rate exceeding the interest paid.  Thus, you might buy a $100,000 home with $10,000 down and a $90,000 mortgage at 7 percent interest. If you only paid the interest every year, you’d pay $6,300 in interest; but if the house is appreciating at 8 percent per year, you’d be making $8,000 – $6,300 = $1,700 per year after the financing fee.  In this case you’ve levered your $10,000 up to make a tidy profit.

Depreciating Assets

While we can never know for sure if an asset will appreciate, housing can be a fairly safe bet since it also provides a basic need.  Even if your house does not appreciate enough to offset your interest, you are also getting a place to live in the deal.

Unfortunately we also typically leverage ourselves to buy depreciating assets, or assets that lose value.  Most of us buy a car with a car loan.  As soon as we drive the car off the lot it begins losing value.  Meanwhile we’re also paying interest on the money we borrowed to buy the car, so we’re losing money in two ways.  While we can’t guarantee our house will gain value, we can nearly guarantee our car will lose value.

Shaping Your Thinking

You should start thinking of your life like a business when it comes to leverage.  While it might make sense to borrow money to buy a house, does it make sense to borrow money to buy a car?  Even worse, does it make sense to use a credit card to buy a flat screen television?  At least the car provides a necessary function.  You should assess what kind of assets you’re buying when you’re spending your money.  Things like education may be worth putting yourself in debt since they have the capacity to increase your earnings.

Ultimately the wisdom of a leveraged purchase should be viewed in light of two things:  The likelihood of it appreciating and the utility of the purchase.  The less likely an asset is to appreciate in value, the less likely you should be to incur debt to finance it.  It makes you wonder why so many of us incur debt to purchase something that can’t possibly appreciate and serves no important purpose.

Post from: Personal Finance And Investing

Should You Ever Leverage Yourself?